Air-track

Various experiments may be carried out and various terms can be explained with this setup:

• Free or accelerated movements
  Conservation of momentum, Conservation of energy, Linear motion, Velocity, Elastic collision, Inelastic collision, Energy loss
• Momentum and energy conservation principles
  Conservation of momentum, Conservation of energy, linear motion, Velocity, Elastic loss
• Newton's first law
  Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Acceleration due to gravity, the distance-time law, the velocity-time law, and the relationship between mass, acceleration and force.
• Movements on an inclined track
  The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual weight.
• Elastic and inelastic collision
  A glider whose mass always remains unchanged collides with a second resting glider at a constant velocity. A measurement series, in which the velocities of the first glider before the collision and the velocities of both gliders after it are to be measured, is conducted by varying mass of the resting glider.
  A glider, whose mass always remains unchanged, collides with a constant velocity with a second resting glider. A measurement series with different masses of the resting glider is performed: the velocities of the first glider before the collision and those of both gliders, which have equal velocities, after it are to be measured.

›	2m long, square cross-section aluminum tube.
›	The square tube rests on a U-section carrier rail with a three-point base arrangement; two adjustment screws provide the horizontal alignment of the track.
›	One end of the track has an opening (d = 40mm) for connecting a Blower. The other end is blocked off.
›	The two gliding surfaces each have two rows of holes, placed diagonally to each other. An air cushion is formed under the gliders, which are positioned on the track and the gliders, therefore glide frictionless on the track..
›	Along the length of the two gliding surfaces run two mirror-image scales with mm divisions and cm figures.
›	A glider, 130mm long, black anodised aluminium profile section is used for placing on the track. A ridge strip with five 4mm sockets enables screens and other plug-in elements to be fitted.
›	The black plastic screens are plugged into the top of the glider with their 4mm plugs. They interrupt the light barrier and the timing is recorded on the control timing instruments.

Some related information to the above-mentioned experiments is given below:

Collision also called Impact, in physics, is the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies, such as, two billiard balls or two railroad cars when being coupled together. Apart from the properties of the materials of the two objects, two factors affect the result of impact: the force and the time during which the objects are in contact. It is a matter of common experience that a hard steel ball dropped on a steel plate will rebound to almost the position from which it was dropped, whereas with a ball of putty or lead there is no rebound. The impact between the steel ball and plate is said to be elastic, and that between the putty or lead balls and plate is inelastic, or plastic; between these extremes there are varying degrees of elasticity and corresponding responses to impact. In a perfectly elastic impact (attained only at the atomic level), none of the kinetic energy of the co-acting bodies is lost; in a perfectly plastic impact, the loss of kinetic energy is at a maximum.
Newton's first law may more properly be ascribed to Galileo. It states that a body continues at rest or in uniform motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by a force, and it enables one to recognize when a force is acting. A tennis ball struck by a racket experiences a sudden change in its motion attributable to a force exerted by the racket. The player feels the shock of the impact too.
In a collision of two particles, the sum of the two momenta before collision is equal to their sum after collision. What momentum one particle loses, the other gains.

 
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